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Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Ekaterina Pomerantseva, Markus Gnerlich, Hyun Jung    Collaborators - Dr. James Culver, UMBI, Univ. of Maryland - Dr. Chunsheng Wang, ChBE, MSE, Univ. of Maryland - Dr. John Sullivan, Sandia National Labs    Research Overview The development of efficient power sources and energy harvesting mechanisms is paramount not only for portable electronics but for the realization of self-powered and autonomous microsystems as well. At MSAL, we are developing novel technologies for nanostructured battery and fuel cell architectures as well as scavenging of environmental energy sources. The electrochemical energy storage devices are based on a biological molecule, the Tobacco mosaic virus, which is used as a template for the assembly of inorganic nanowires. This bottom-up self-assembly process is combined with traditional top-down micro/nanofabrication methodologies for the synthesis of active battery materials and fuel cell catalysts as well as the development of three-dimensional device architectures. We are also utilizing MEMS technology to develop compact sensors that are used for in situ monitoring of battery electrode operation and correlate electrochemical performance with mechanical properties of the tested materials. In parallel, particular focus has been placed on the development of energy scavenging systems that are based on hybrid electrostatic/piezoelectric mechanisms. These microsystems are designed to harvest energy from ambient vibrations and are intended for integration in wireless sensor networks for remote and autonomous operation.    Thesis K. Gerasopoulos, "Nanostructured Nickel Zinc Microbatteries Using the Tobacco mosaic virus," Master's Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, August 2008. K. Gerasopoulos, "Integration and Characterization of Tobacco mosaic virus Based Nanostructured Materials in Three-dimensional Microbattery Architectures," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, February 2012. S. Baron, "A platform towards in situ stress/strain measurement in lithium ion battery electrodes," Master's Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, August 2012.    Journal Papers X. Chen, E. Pomerantseva, K. Gregorczyk, R. Ghodssi, and G. Rubloff, "Cathodic ALD V2O5 thin films for high-rate electrochemical energy storage," RSC Advances, vol. 3, pp. 4294-4302, March 2013. X. Chen, J. Guo, K. Gerasopoulos, A. Langrock, A. Brown, R. Ghodssi, J. N Culver, and C. Wang, "3D Tin anodes prepared by electrodeposition on a virus scaffold," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 211, pp. 129-132, April 2012. K. Gerasopoulos, E. Pomerantseva, M. McCarthy, A. Brown, C. Wang, J. N. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Microbattery Electrodes Combining Bottom-Up Self-Assembly and Top-Down Micromachining," ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 6422-6432, June 2012. M. McCarthy, K. Gerasopoulos, R. Enright, J. N. Culver, R. Ghodssi, and E.N. Wang, "Biotemplated hierarchical surfaces and the role of dual length scales on the repellency of impacting droplets," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, pp. 263701, June 2012. X. Chen, E. Pomerantseva, P. Banerjee, K. Gregorczyk, R. Ghodssi, and G. Rubloff, "Ozone-Based Atomic Layer Deposition of Crystalline V2O5 Films for High Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage," Chemistry Of Materials, March 2012. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, G. Rubloff, and R. Ghodssi, "Electrochemical performance of the nanostructured biotemplated V2O5 cathode for lithium-ion batteries," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 206, pp. 282-287, January 2012. X. Chen, K. Gerasopoulos, J. Guo, A. Brown, R. Ghodssi, J. N. Culver, and C. Wang, "High rate performance of virus enabled 3D n-type Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries," Electrochemica Acta, vol. 56, pp. 5210 - 5213, 2011. X. Chen, K. Gerasopoulos, J. Guo, A. Brown, C. Wang, R. Ghodssi and J. N. Culver, "A Patterned Silicon Anode Fabricatied by Electrodeposition of Si on a Virus Enabled 3-dimensional Current Collector," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 380-387, November 2010. K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, J. N. Culver, C. Wang, and R. Ghodssi, "Self-assembled Ni/TiO2 nanocomposite anodes synthesized via electroless plating and atomic layer deposition on biological scaffolds," Chemical Communications, vol. 46, pp. 7349-7351, August, 2010. X. Chen, K. Gerasopoulos, J. Chuo, A. Brown, C. Wang, R. Ghodssi, and J. Culver, "Virus-Enabled Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries," ACS Nano, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 5366-5372, August, 2010. K. Gerasopoulos, M. McCarthy, P. Banerjee, X. Fan, J. N. Culver and R. Ghodssi, "Biofabrication methods for the patterned assembly and synthesis of viral nanotemplates," Nanotechnology, vol. 21, pp. 1-11, January, 2010. K. Gerasopoulos, M. McCarthy, E. Royston, J. N. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Nanostructured nickel electrodes using the Tobacco mosaic virus for microbattery applications," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (JMM), vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1-8, September 2008.       Conference Papers H. Jung, E. Pomerantseva, M. Gnerlich, S. Baron, K. Gerasopoulos, and R. Ghodssi, "Novel Method for In situ Mechanical Characterization of Lithium-ion Battery Electrodes Using MEMS Platform," 2013 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 1-5, 2013. H. Ben-Yoav, E. Pomerantseva, M. Gnerlich, and R. Ghodssi, "Tobacco Mosaic Virus Nanotemplates for Next Generation Energy Storage and Electrochemical Sensing," 2012 ONR Naval Science and Technology Partnership Conference, Arlington, VA, October 22-24, 2012. S. Baron, E. Pomerantseva, M. Gnerlich, K. Gerasopoulos, H. Jung, and R. Ghodssi, "A platform for in situ, Real-time Measurement of Electrochemical Reaction-induced Stress/strain in Lithium-ion Battery Electrodes", Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS 2012), Atlanta, Georgia, December 2-5, 2012. M. Gnerlich, E. Pomerantseva, K. Gregorczyk, G. Rubloff, and R. Ghodssi, "Towards a Flexible All-solid-state Electrochemical Supercapacitor Using Tobacco mosaic virus Nanostructures and ALD Ruthenium oxide", Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS 2012), Atlanta, Georgia, December 2-5, 2012. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, G. Rubloff, J. Culver, C. Wang, and R. Ghodssi, "Electrochemical performance of the Tobacco mosaic virus templated nanocomposite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries," Mid Atlantic Micro/Nano Alliance Spring Symposium, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, March 27, 2012. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, M. Gnerlich, J. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Tobacco mosaic virus nanotemplates for next generation energy storage microdevices," Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, February 29-March 2, 2012. K. Gerasopoulos, E. Pomerantseva, A. Brown, J. Culver, X. Chen, C. Wang, X. Chen, G. Rubloff, and R. Ghodssi, "Tobacco mosaic virus-based nanostructured materials for Li-ion batteries," Energy Frontier Research Centers Review Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, February 21-22, 2012. K. Gerasopoulos, E. Pomerantseva, M. McCarthy, A. Brown, C. Wang, J. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Biotemplated Hierarchical Electrodes for Three-dimensional Li-ion Microbatteries," 2012 MRS Spring Meeting, San Fransisco CA, April 9-13, 2012. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, J. Culver, C. Wang, G. Rubloff, and R. Ghodssi, "Tobacco mosaic virus as a versatile tool for energy materials characterization," 2012 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 9-13, 2012. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, G. Rubloff, and R. Ghodssi, "Atomic layer deposition for uniform coating of biotemplated nanostructured electrodes for lithium-ion microbatteries," 11th International Conference on Atomic Layer Deposition, Cambridge, MA, June 26-29, 2011. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, G. Rubloff, J. Culver, C. Wang, and R. Ghodssi, "Nanoarchitectured 3D Electrodes for Li-ion Microbatteries," Energy Frontier Research Centers Summit & Forum, Washington, DC, May 25-27, 2011. E. Pomerantseva, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, G. Rubloff, J. Culver, C. Wang, and R.Ghodssi, "Nanostructured Tobacco Mosaic Virus templates for superior lithium-ion microbattery electrodes," American Chemical Society 42nd Middle Atlantic Regional Meeting, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, May 21-24, 2011. K. Gerasopoulos, E. Pomerantseva, M. McCarthy, J. Culver, C. Wang, and R. Ghodssi, "A Hierarchical Approach for the Fabrication of Three-dimensional Microbattery Electrodes," to be presented at The 16th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers 2011), June 5-9, Beijing, China. R. Ghodssi, J. Culver, K. Gerasopoulos, X. Fan, and A. Brown, "Nanofabrication Using Viral Biotemplates for MEMS Applications," Proceedings of the 2011 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, Atlanta, GA, Jan 4-7, 2011. K. Gerasopoulos, X. Chen, J. N. Culver, C. Wang, and R. Ghodssi, "Highly Stable Nanostructured Ni/TiO2 Anodes on Biological Templates," Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (Power MEMS 2010), Leuven, Belgium, Nov. 30-Dec. 3, pp. 303-306. K. Gerasopoulos, X. Fan, A. Brown, X. Chen, C. Wang, J. N. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Biofabrication using the Tobacco mosaic virus for MEMS Applications," Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Biofabrication, Philadelphia, PA, USA, October 4-6. X. Chen, K. Gerasopoulos, J. Guo, A. Brown, C. Wang, R. Ghodssi, and J. Culver, "Porous Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries," 218th Electrochemical Society Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, October 10 - 15, 2010. M. McCarthy, R. Enright, K. Gerasopoulos, J. N. Culver, R. Ghodssi and E. Wang, "Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Surfaces Using Viral Nanotemplates for Self-cleaning and Drop-wise Condensation," Proceedings of the 2010 Solid-State Sensor, Actuator, and Microsystems Workshop (Hilton Head 2010), Hilton Head SC, June 6-10, 2010, pp. 86-89. M. Khbeis, J. McGee, and R. Ghodssi, "Characterization of a Hybrid Ambient Low Frequency, Low Intensity Vibration Energy Scavenger System", Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS 2009), pp. 17-20, Washington, DC, December 1-4, 2009. X. Chen, K. Gerasopoulos, J. Guoa, R. Ghodssi, J. N. Culver, and C. Wang, "Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Supported Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries", Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS 2009), pp. 145-148, Washington, DC, December 1-4, 2009. K. Gerasopoulos, J. Guo, J. N. Culver, C. Wang, and R. Ghodssi, "Electrodeposition of Nano-sized Zinc Anodes on Viral Templates", Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS 2009), pp. 447-450, Washington, DC, December 1-4, 2009. M. Khbeis, J. McGee, and R. Ghodssi, "Development of a Simplified Hybrid Ambient Low Frequency, Low Intensity Vibration Energy Scavenger System", Transducers 2009, Denver, CO, June 21-25, 2009, pp. 525-528. K. Gerasopoulos, M. McCarthy, J.N. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Biofabrication with the Tobacco mosaic virus for high surface area MEMS applications", MRS Spring Meeting 2009, San Fransisco, CA, April 13-17, 2009. K. Gerasopoulos, M. McCarthy, E. Royston, J.N. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Microbatteries with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Templated Electrodes", Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2008), pp. 960-963, Tucson, AZ, USA, January 13-17, 2008. K. Gerasopoulos, M. McCarthy, E. Royston, J.N. Culver, and R. Ghodssi, "Nanostructured Nickel-Zinc Microbatteries Using the Tobacco Mosaic Virus", Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (Power MEMS '07), pp. 347-350, Freiburg, Germany, November 28-29, 2007. M. Khbeis and R. Ghodssi, "Design of a hybrid ambient low frequency, low intensity vibration energy scavenger," Sixth International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS '06), pp. 287-290, Berkeley, CA, USA, Nov 29-Dec 1, 2006.